This article will profess that Syariah family law disputes filed in Syariah Court, with the consent of parties as well as Syariah Court, can be settled by arbitration provided:

(a) A Syariah lawyer, professor, lecturer, Syariah Court officer, or any competent person can be the arbitrator, with the parties having the option of a panel of three arbitrators. If it is a panel, each party is to nominate one arbitrator who can also be a member of his family and the Chairman to be chosen by both co-arbitrators jointly.

(b) The arbitration proceedings must be facilitated by the court or any other arbitration facility provider associated with a university.

(c) The arbitration process shall be private and confidential.

(d) The Malaysian Arbitration Act 2005 ('AA 2005'), the relevant Syariah Court laws as well as rules and law of evidence as directed by the Syariah Court shall be made applicable to the arbitration proceedings.

(e) Prior to the arbitration, the parties shall agree to give the Syariah Court an undertaking for the terms of the arbitration award to be entered as a consent judgement in the Syariah Court proceedings if the Syariah Court judge deems fit and proper, and it shall thereafter become the Syariah Court judgement and enforceable under the Syariah Court procedure.

Corporate governance ('CG') can be described as the rule and framework used to coordinate and deal with the business and matters of the organisation towards encouraging business growth and corporate responsibility with the utmost aim of producing or fulfilling long-term shareholder value while considering the interest of other stakeholders.^[1] Good corporate governance has an element of accountability, responsibility, fair treatment, transparency, ethical value and a vision to create long-term value. In corporate governance, the agency and stewardship theories provide a framework for explaining the board's and directors' responsibilities.

It is an elementary knowledge that in Malaysia, the board and its directors, according to sections 2 and 210 of the Companies Act 2016, are responsible for the management of the company; thus, de jure directors, de facto directors, shadow directors as well as non-executive directors are subjected to the directors' duties. The interpretation would, of course, include Chief Executive Officer ('CEO'), Chief Operating Officer ('COO') and Chief Financial Officer ('CFO').

Corporate governance generally refers to the relationship among various members, including the management team, the Board of Directors, and the shareholders.^[1] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ('OECD') defined it as a set of relationships that includes other stakeholders. The World Bank characterizes corporate governance as a set of instruments granted to shareholders to exert influence on managers in order to maximize the value of shareholders' shares and to fixed claimants in order to control the agency costs of equity.^[2] This would make us understand that most of the definitions of corporate governance would imply the principal-agent model, which, in the eye of agency theory, would refer to "a system of law and sound approaches by which corporations are directed and controlled focusing on the internal and external corporate structures with the intention of monitoring the actions of management and directors and thereby mitigating agency risks which may stem from the misdeeds of corporate officers".^[3]

ABSTRAK

Akses kepada bangunan awam merupakan antara hak orang kurang upaya yang dinyatakan dalam Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008 [Akta 685]. Hak akses orang kurang upaya kepada bangunan awam tersebut adalah berdasarkan prinsip kesamarataan sebagaimana yang terkandung dalam perkara 8 Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Sebelum kewujudan Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008, Malaysia telah meratifikasi Konvensyen Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu tentang Hak Orang Kurang Upaya pada 19 Julai 2010, dengan reservasi terhadap perkara 15 (larangan seksaan dan layanan buruk) dan perkara 18 (hak kepada kebebasan pergerakan dan kewarganegaraan). Walau bagaimanapun, golongan orang kurang upaya di Malaysia masih dilanda kesukaran untuk mendapatkan akses yang sewajarnya kepada bangunan awam dan menyebabkan golongan orang kurang upaya telah dinafikan hak mereka dan tidak dapat mengambil bahagian secara berkesan dan menyeluruh dalam masyarakat. Isu yang timbul di sini ialah adakah terdapat peruntukan-peruntukan dalam Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008 [Akta 685] berkaitan dengan hak akses kepada bangunan awam di Malaysia? Sejauh manakah orang kurang upaya boleh mengemukakan tuntutan di mahkamah sekiranya berlaku penafian hak akses mereka terhadap bangunan awam di Malaysia? Persoalan ini perlu dijawab dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif secara analisis undang-undang, iaitu dengan meneliti peruntukan-peruntukan dalam Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008 [Akta 685] berkaitan dengan akses kepada bangunan awam dan hak orang kurang upaya untuk membuat tuntutan di mahkamah sekiranya berlaku pelanggaran terhadap hak mereka. Penulisan ini akan mengenal pasti peruntukan-peruntukan dalam Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008 [Akta 685] berkaitan dengan hak akses kepada bangunan awam di Malaysia dan mencadangkan perkara-perkara yang perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan jaminan hak orang kurang upaya terhadap akses kepada bangunan awam di Malaysia.

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